作業-報告翻譯整理(5.2部分)

上台報告翻譯的部份:
P.86右中標題There Are Three Major Types of Forests 開始
原文+翻譯:
Forest systems are lands dominated by trees. The three main types of forest-tropical, temperate, and cold (northern coniferous and boreal)-result from combinations of the precipitation level and various average temperatures (Figures 5-10 and 5-14).
森林系統是以樹控制的。三種主要類型的森林熱帶，溫和和寒冷(北方具毬果的植物和北極區)-起因於降雨、雪線和各種各樣的平均溫度(參考圖表5-10和5-14)。

Tropical rain forests (Figure 5-14, top photo) are found near the equator (Figure 5-8), where hot, moisture-laden air rises and dumps its moisture (Figure 5-5). These lush forests have year-round, uniformly warm temperatures, high humidity, and heavy rainfall almost daily (Figure 5-14, top graph).
熱帶雨林(參考圖5-14，最上面的照片)在赤道(圖5-8)附近被找到，溼熱使得空氣上升並且快速消耗它的濕氣(圖5-5)。 這一大片的森林整年都存在，都是溫暖的溫度、高濕度和高的降雨量(圖5-14，最上面的圖)。

Figure 5-15 (p. 88) shows some of the components and food web interactions in these extremely diverse ecosystems. Tropical rain forests are dominated by broadleaf evergreen plants, which keep most of their leaves year-round. The tops of the trees form a dense canopy (Figure 5-14, top photo), which blocks most light from reaching the forest floor, limiting illumination to a dim greenish light.
圖5-15 (p. 88)顯示在這些不同的極端的生態系組成和食物循環及交互作用。熱帶雨林由闊葉煙草的常綠植物控制，他們維持全年都有葉子。樹的上面形成一個密集的樹冠層(圖5-14，最上面的照片)，阻攔許多到達森林地面的光線，限制照射到昏暗的、微綠色的光。

Some trees are draped with vines (called lianas) that reach treetops to gain access to sunlight. Once in the canopy, tlie vines grow from one tree to another, providing walkways for many species living there. When a large tree is cut down its lianas can pull down other trees.
許多被藤蔓所纏繞(稱藤本植物或藤木)能夠攀延至數頂接收陽光。一次在樹冠層，這些藤蔓可以從一棵樹增長到另一棵樹，在那為許多種類提供生存地。當砍下一棵大樹，將會把附著在其上的藤蔓另一棵拉扯下來。

Tropical rain forests are teeming with life and boast incredible biological diversity. Although tropical rain forests cover only about 2% of the earth's land surface, ecologists estimate that they contain at least half of the earth's known terrestrial plant and animal species.
熱帶雨林是充滿生命以及包含難以置信的差異性。雖然熱帶雨林只佔大地表大约2%，生態學家估計他們所擁有的已知的地球植物和動物種類包含地球一半以上。

These life forms occupy a variety of specialized niches in distinct layers-in the plants' case, based mostly on their need for sunlight, as shown in Figure 5-16. Stratification of specialized plant and animal niches in a tropical rain forest enables the coexistence of a great variety of species. See Figure 3-13, p. 50, and photo 3 on p. vii. Much of the animal life, particularly insects, bats. and birds, lives in the sunny canopy layer, with its abundant shelter and supplies of leaves, flowers, and fruits.
這些生活類型佔領特別重要的地位及多樣性，與其他明顯不同的階層，主要根據他們的對陽光的需要，如圖5-16所顯示。在熱帶雨林中植物和動物專屬的階層能使多種種類、品種共存。見圖3-13，在p. vii的第50頁和照片3。許多動物生命，特殊昆蟲，蝙蝠。以及鳥類，生活在晴朗的樹冠層，提供他們遮蔽風雨的地方及豐富食物，像:葉子、花和果子。

Dropped leaves, fallen trees, and dead animals decompose quickly because of the warm, moist conditions and hordes of decomposers. This rapid recycling of scarce soil nutrients explains why little litter is found on the ground. Instead of being stored in the soil, about 90% of plant nutrients released by decomposition are taken up quickly and stored by trees, vines, and other plants. This is in sharp contrast to temperate forests where most plant nutrients are found in the soil. This helps explain why rain forests are not good places to clear and grow crops or graze cattle on a sustainable basis.
由於溫暖、潮濕條件，落葉及動物屍體被快速分解。這迅速回收土壤缺乏的營養素解釋為什麼枯枝落葉層在地面上被找到。而不是被存放在土壤，大約90%被分解的植物養分被樹、藤類植物和其他植物迅速佔去並存放。與多數植物養分在土壤被找到的溫帶林形成鮮明的對比。這幫助解釋雨林為什麼不是清除和種植作物或畜牧的合適場所。